Kant’s Critique of Utilitarianism Essay

Kant’s critique of Utilitarianism is that it treats people as a means not as an ends in themselves. Since he is a deontologist he presumes that there is a universal moral imperative, certain ways in which we must act, no matter what our individual desires or needs or utility might be. The Categorical Imperative is an idea of reason. This knowledge is not derived from experience but rather, it is a priori. It also binds us and we all act in a certain way because of it. It is unconditional. It is the first principle of the moral law and it applies to rational and reasonable beings. Since we are sensuous creatures, we experience the moral law as a constraint. We have a tendency to do otherwise because we may come across moral dilemmas. Sometimes we know we should do something but we might reason against it. Kant believed that by putting something through the CI procedure we would be able to see if it was moral or immoral. There are four steps in this procedure. First you formulate you subjective maxim. Let us use the example that: I will cheat on my philosophy test because I didn’t have enough time to study. The next step is to generalize this maxim, so for every time I don’t have enough time to study I will cheat on my philosophy test. Then you universalize this maxim as if it were an instinct: everyone will cheat on their philosophy test every time they don’t have enough time to study. You then take this new law and join it with the old law and compare its affects. Now that I have put it through these four steps it is a given that people will study on their philosophy test every time they don’t have enough time to study. This will take away the value of a good grade that a person that studies may receive. You then ask yourself two questions: Can I coherently conceive of such a world? And if so, Can I sincerely will such a world? If at the end of all this, the maxim drops out and passes all these tests then it is okay to act on it because it is morally permissible. As seen in my example, it is not moral to cheat on a test because if everyone did it then it would devalue the good grades that people got that put work and effort into studying for the test. Kant claims that acting from the categorical Imperative â€Å"reveals to us our freedom and dignity†, by this he means that Dignity brings about your morality which is what makes you part of the Kingdom of ends. It frees us from our senses by making us realize our own nature. The Categorical  Imperative reveals what is moral and immoral and therefore we are able distinguish the two and this allows us to be autonomous and if you are autonomous then you are free.

Perception is reality! Oh really?

A couple of years ago, I witnessed what I thought was a man having trouble getting into his car. There was a man that must have been in his mid 60's tugging on his door handle to his car. I watched him try to fit his arm into a small opening in the widow on the passenger side of the car. Because of the age of this man, it never entered my mind that this man was trying to break into this car to steal it. Another thing that didn't fit the profile of a car thief was the way the man was dressed. He was dressed in a sports jacket and was wearing fairly decent trousers with nice shoes. I walked over to the man and asked him if there was anything I could help him with or if he needed to call someone. He told me he did not have a cell phone, so I offered the use of mine. The man declined saying he just bought the car a couple of weeks ago, and had not had a chance to get a spare key made. He was in the parking lot where I worked at, so I asked him if there was someone he knew inside the building that could give him a ride to the dealership where he bought the car from, and once again he declined by saying he had just stopped by to fill out an application. I asked him again if there was anything I could help him with because I didn't want to leave him just standing there helpless not able to get into his, and again he declined respectfully but started to sound irritated because of my repeated offers. I went back inside and stopped by the coffee machine for some coffee and started dwelling on this poor man. As I was walking back to my desk, I glanced out the window and saw him looking around as he continued to fit his arm in the window by pulling his sleeves up. I walked over to the receptionist and asked her what position the man had applied for, and she looked at me asking me what man I was talking about. I described him to her and told her I had just spoken to him in the parking lot to offer him help because he had either lost or locked his keys in the car. She had no idea who I was talking about, which I thought was strange, because she is the one that hands out applications. I walked over to the window and looked outside again to see if the man had gotten into his car yet. He was still there so I pointed the man out to the receptionist the man over by the white two door cavalier. After I pointed him out, the receptionist told me the man had came in the building to use the restroom, not fill out an application. I started to walk back to my desk but started to have an uneasy feeling about this man. I know what everyone in the office drives due to working late at night, and a bunch of us walk to our cars together. I went over to the electronic pre-press department and asked the supervisor if he knew anyone that drove a white two door cavalier, and he told me his proof-reader drives one. I told him about the man trying to get into a white two door cavalier outside. The supervisor ran over to the person that had a car fitting that description and told him. The employee ran to the window and told us that was his car. Two of our employees ran outside to stop the older man, but he had broken the driver side window and was pulling out of the parking lot. During this five minute time frame, someone had called the police and the man was stopped about a half of a mile down the road, but hit one of the police cars before stopping and did a lot of damage to the car. I have never felt so bad. If I had not let the man's appearance fool me, I might have been able to prevent the whole thing from happening, but then again, had I not questioned the receptionist and supervisor, the car would have been long gone. I learned basically; don't judge a book by its cover. Now when I see someone that is not familiar in the parking lot when I'm outside, or when I see someone in our building that I don't know, I ask the receptionist. Our division did not have very strict rules before of people coming in and out of the building, but now we have a guest sign in sheet and the nature of their business. This may not stop someone from trying to do this again, but then again it just might.

Buyers Behaviour Virgin Atlantic Essay Example for Free

Buyers Behaviour Virgin Atlantic Essay Originally it was called British Atlantic Airways, later changed to Virgin Atlantic Airways. The first flight was from Gatwick to Netwark on the 22nd of June 1984 (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). The company launched a ? 6 m advertising campaign in 2010, which was James Bond themed (Guardian, 2010). The new advertisement helped the company recover from the recession. Now I will examine how exactly it was achieved and what methods were used to obtain the best performance of the advertisement. 2) Target Market. Market segmentation is a way of separating the consumers into different sections by their shared needs and personalities (Leon. G, 2010, p. 28). The needs and values depend from person to person according to his culture (Leon. G, 2010, p. 366). The VALS (values and lifestyles) segmentation system clearly shows the type of audience this commercial is aiming at (Leon. G, pp. 84). This system divides consumers into eight distinctive subcategories, which consist of: thinkers, achievers, experiencers, believers, strivers and makers. The subcategories this advertisement will appeal to are: innovators because they are receptive to new technologies and who can experience the innovated technologies at a Virgin Atlantic flight; achievers because they are goal oriented consumers who like to display success to their piers, which they can display by flying Virgin Atlantic as it is high class airlines; experiencers because they like to spend their income on fashion, socializing and entertainment which Virgin Atlantic offers through great service, food, entertainment and their flights are considered as ‘trendy’. The social comparison theory states that the consumer with higher purchase ability tends to have a higher status; this is a proof why achievers like to spend on luxurious products and services (Leon. G, 2010, p. 338). This commercial appeals to all the five effective target-marketing segments (Leon. G, 2010, p. 73). It is identifiable as it clearly distinguishes the shared needs, age and gender of the consumer. The consumer is a businessman or career orientated workingwoman who prefers high-class service. The age would appeal to Generation Y that is born from 1980 and on wards (Leon. G, 2010, p. 410). The Generation Y spends 150 billion annually and is into innovation and luxury while Generation X is considered as ‘sophisticated’ group. Virgin Atlantic Airways allows children ages 5 and above to travel or should be accompanied by an adult (16+). Pets are accepted if they accompany a disabled person (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). 3) Service offered. The marketing mix shows what kind of service/product is offered by dividing the elements to: product, price, place and promotion (Leon. G, 2010, p. 58). The service being offered is not just a flight from one destination to another; it is an experience at a high-class level of the Virgin Atlantic flight where the costumer will be served at a high class, with security, entertainment and with maximum comfort. It is a high-involvement purchase, which requires considerate thought and cognitive process, as the price is high (Leon. G, 2010, p. 231). The flight can be purchased online or at a flight ticket office. The company offers promotion such as: flying club card, ticket sales and discount codes/vouchers (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). The price and quality relationship the company has is low- price tickets in comparison with their competitors and with a high-class service. 4) Seasonality. The time of placing the advertisement is very important, as there are competing companies to take into consideration. The order effect research has shown that the advertisements presented first (primacy effect) and last (regency effect) has a greater effect on the consumer (Leon. G, 2010, p. 302). The release date was 26 October 2010, which was a great push to recovery from recession. British Airways and American Airlines are the biggest competitors. American Airlines released their commercial in May 2010, which had a primacy effect where as Virgin Atlantic Airlines gained a regency effect. The James Bond 007 Blood Stone video game was released on 5th of November 2010(IMDB, 2010). This shows that the commercial was released 10 days before the release date of the game. This strategy used by Virgin Atlantic is a very clever marketing move, as their advertisement is James Bond themed and during that period of time all sorts of media (TV, newspapers, online, word of mouth and billboards) had James Bond game advertisements. Virgin Airlines got increased attention to their advertisement by publishing their advertisement at time coinciding with Blood Stone’s release. 5) Positioning the commercial. The advertisement is transmitting through mass media as well as through new (non traditional) media (Leon. G, 2010, pp. 294-296). The commercial is played on TV where it addresses wide range of consumers (i. e. via mass media) and through YouTube where it is addressable and interactive, while response – measurable. It was also played during the flights on the Virgin Atlantic TV channel where it exclusively targets its audience (i. e. via target media). 6) Reason for the commercial. The consumer behavior consists of searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, disposing of products and services that in their belief will fulfill their wants (Leon. G, 2010, p. 23). The commercial was created in order to persuade and make aware the audience of the fact that the service being offered by the airlines is luxurious, entertaining and high-class, to convince that this kind of service will satisfy there needs. ) Perception. â€Å"Perception is defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world. †(Leon. G, 2010, p. 175) This advertisement appeals to emotional motives, which are affection, status and pride in this case (Leon. G, 2010, p. 110). The advertisements mood is sexually charged and is putting the buyer into a state of excitement by: James Bond themed music and graphics, illustrations of high-class adventure and good-looking actors in the commercial. Abraham Maslow created the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which identifies the five basic levels of human needs (Maslow, 1987). The advert is aiming to satisfy all the five needs of the potential consumer. Egoistic needs will be satisfied during the flight on these airlines, as it is illustrated as a prestigious flight. Egoistic needs include the need of good reputation, status and recognition from others, which advert convinces that the consumer will have, if he/she chooses Virgin Atlantic Airways. Need of Self-Actualization will be satisfies as shown in the advert, by flying on this flight the customer will feel self-actualized by getting high-class service which he/she deserved or earned themselves. Social Needs are to be satisfied by communication with good-looking staff. The Virgin Atlantic cabin crew was voted as the most attractive staff in the whole world by the surveys of travelers (Daily mail, 2011). Richard Branson has always stated that the appearance of the flight crew must be important in order make the customers enjoy a memorable flight. Cabin staff of Virgin Atlantic Airlines are told that: ‘You’ll be the face of the airline. As such, your grooming should always be immaculate – even after a long, tiring flight’ (Daily mail, 2011). As flying on an airplane has a small risk of security, the advert is aiming to convince that their flight is safe and is a pleasant experience where there is nothing to worry about. Physiological needs will be satisfied by the high-class food and beverage service that would be offered during the flight by good-looking staff. Air and shelter will also be present, as the designed with up to date technology. This commercial is aimed at visual consumers that prefer and take information better through visual images or messages as sources of information (Leon. G, 2010, p. 147). While watching the Virgin Atlantic advertisement repetitively on TV or Online passive learning is occurring and it changes the consumer’s attitude regarding the product (Leon. G, 2010, p. 232). The theme message delivered through this advert is: ‘Your airline’s either got it or it hasn’t’. There is a message resonance in the wording, which adds a bit of humor to it and will make the viewer remember the commercial (Leon. G, 2010, p. 301). The theme message has comparative advertising technique to it where Virgin makes the viewer compare their airlines to Virgin Atlantic (Leon. G, 2010, p. 303). The sexiness in advertising is present in order to grab the attention of the viewer (Leon. G, 2010, p. 308). The hostesses are wearing short dresses in red color and the man who is passing the security check hasn’t got underwear on. Virgin is trying to show that their flights are ‘sexy’. This technique tries to show the security the airlines provide (angel like). The flight team is very good looking and is walking with self-assurance, which adds confidence to the image of the company. The runway lines and the red carpet represents the luxurious service. | | Transition from the safety demonstration to the airplane saloon is done without editing cuts, which is very eye-catching. | | The shot of people sitting around of a pool of martini and playing with the olive, which represents entertainment, beverage and luxury the airlines offer to their customers. 9) Buying process. â€Å"The consumer decision making can be viewed as three distinct but interlocking stages: the input stage, the process stage and the output stage†(Leon. G, 2010, p. 36). This advertisement is designed in order to influence the input and process stage in order to make the consumer come to the output stage. This advert influences and increases the consumer’s recognition of the service ne ed. The information is delivered to the consumers through the marketing efforts of the commercial, which will influence not only media but also word of mouth marketing. The Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality created by Sigmund Freud explains the drivers of the output stage (Leon. G, 2010, pp. 137-139). According to Freud’s theory this commercial will affect superego and id to make the purchase. The superego will be gratified when purchasing this service because he/she will become socially and fashionably acceptable, as Virgin Atlantic flight is ‘trendy’. Id will be gratified if the consumer will make the purchase because the airlines offer the basic requirements such as food, shelter and security. The consumer will make a trial or a repeat purchase when buying this service (Leon. G, 2010, p. 497). The consumer might be new to the company or be a frequent loyal customer. 10) Involvement levels and risk perception. Involvement is a very important factor in how much attention is paid to the message sent to the viewer and how it is understood. There are different ways to measure the involvement of the viewer. There are two ways of involvement, high-risk and low-risk purchases. The higher the risk, the higher the involvement and research will be. The flight purchase is a low-involvement product and consumers prefer congruent context of the message delivered (Leon. G, 2010, p. 293). The mood of the consumer is very important, if he/she is in a bad mood, the content of the commercial might cause a bad reaction of the viewer. Psychological noise may be distracting the viewer from the commercial and the advertisement has contrast in the imagery in order to keep the viewers attention. 11) Conclusion. The advertisement created by the Virgin Atlantic airlines in my opinion was successful . The James Bond theme imageries and soundtrack had a great impact on the effectiveness of the commercial. Every time the consumer will watch James Bond movie or play a James Bond game, the commercial will subconsciously come to their mind and the other way around. The time it was released was perfect, as they needed a push to get out from the recession. The commercial had a bit too much sex advertisement in it, which may led to worse effect tan could have achieved and made the competitors (American Airlines) stand out more, as they had a touching TV commercial that gave gratitude to the men in uniform, veterans and their families. Sexual advertising may distract the consumer’s attention from the message content being sent. This technique may have a little influence on the buyers purchasing intentions and a risk of spoiling the image of the company. This advert is targeting businessman, but there is the family audience with children and generation X, which they are risking of loosing. The commercial is based mostly on emotions and only in one short scene the viewer can see the seats with the monitors. The saloons, seats and the exact food of Virgin Atlantic Airlines are not shown, but they are very important to be shown, as the consumer wants to see the comfort he/she will have during the flight. The fact that the advertisement shows a man being tucked into a cloud and not airplane seat could make an impression that the airlines are hiding something and their seats are not good enough to be shown in the advertisement. This advertisement could have been improved by focusing the viewer’s attention much more on the design of the saloon, comfortable seats and delicious food. Nonetheless, overall this was a very well executed and effective advertisement with successfully reached hearts and minds of customer. Buyers Behaviour Virgin Atlantic. (2018, Oct 18).

European political systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

European political systems - Essay Example The countries that joined in 1958 include Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands and Luxembourg. These six countries were motivated to put collectively the coal and steel industries under supra-national control. The coal and steel developed to European Economic Community in 1958. In 1995 three countries joined the union namely Austria, Finland and Sweden. In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania joined the union. In 2004, Cyprus, Estonia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Malta, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Poland and Slovenia were considered part of European Union and largest integration that took place. The integration involved the breaking of some of the countries restrictions to adhere to certain issues such as the free movement issues. To some countries, the Stabilization and Association Process put in place to deal with particular cases before recognition, was a challenge to entry. In 1973, the following countries joined European Union, Denmark, United Kingdom and Ireland. Greece joined in 1 981 and Spain in 1986 (Zeff & Pirro,

Provided in the Doc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Provided in the Doc - Essay Example Notably, biomedical technology improvement has tremendously contributed to major boosts in not only treatment of cancer, but also its care and control (Ekins, Hupcey & Williams, 2011). Engineered technologies have been essential to improving drug delivery systems for release of therapeutic agents that are under control. Drugs are vital in improving health as well as giving life an extension. The last few decades experienced significant changes and improvement of biomedical technology is indicated anticipated positive changes in the future. Biomedical technology improvement is not only contributing to substantial comprehension of physiological barriers that hinder efficient cancer drug delivery. Renowned scholars in the field of biomedical technology include Sabrina Galloway, Devaraj Jayachandran, and Robert Hannemman. They have not only conducted research but also written peer-reviewed article on cancer treatment using biomedical technology. The research will involve the use of peer-reviewed articles and credible books as credible literature on the topic. In addition, conducting interviews with resource persons who have researched or worked in environments related to the issue will also be appropriate for the research. The research will address diverse ideas including contributions of biomedical technology in the treatment of cancer. Further, it will address concerns of biomedical technology application in identifying a solution to best methods of providing care to the cancer victims through care. Organization of the research will include an introduction. The introduction will focus on giving definition and meaning of terms. Second, the research will contain an abstract that outlines a brief overview of the issue of biomedical and its relevance in the treatment of cancer (Liu & Huang, 2014). The abstract will cover, in brief, the entire contents of the research. Then literature review will follow. In the literature review, the content will cite works

Issues And Features Of The Audit Process Term Paper

Issues And Features Of The Audit Process - Term Paper Example Independent auditing is encouraged in organizations in order to protect the potential investors and shareholders from any misrepresentation of the financial statement or fraudulent claims that are often made in the public companies (Gray and Manson, 2008: 98). Moreover, after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) introduced in 2002, the appointment of the independent auditor becomes mandatory for improving the auditing and accounting procedure. Many organizations are seen to appoint independent auditors, who are certified public accountants, responsible for checking their business transactions and financial records, yet not being affiliated with it (Singleton, T.W., and Singleton, A.J., 2010: 13). However, independent auditing is seen to suffer from a large number of threats such as intimidation threat, trust or familiarity threat, advocacy threat, management threat, self-review threat and self-interest threat. Therefore, safeguarding the independence of the auditors becomes a major area of c oncern. This report focuses on the safeguards for the independence of auditors. Safeguards to save the Independence of the Auditors On recognizing the significant threat of independence in the auditing process, the organization must decide on some safeguards in order to save the auditors. Some of the approaches that are considered by organizations are as follows: Mandatory rotation in the auditor: In a case where an external auditor is serving a particular client for many years, they often end up building relationships with their clients, which make them less skeptical about their work than that they would have been otherwise. The SOX Act has made it mandatory for the public company, who is the partner-in-charge, to rotate their auditors, at least every five years. However, for non-public companies, there are no such requirements for rotation of auditors.

Analysis of Important Project Management Factors Essay

Analysis of Important Project Management Factors - Essay Example Though, many researchers have presented a wide variety of ethical theories for other disciplines. But still there is not considerable progress in the field of project management (Siguroarson, 2009; Mingers & Walsham, 2010; Stahl, 2008). In the past few years there have emerged massive changes in the field of information technology. In fact, it has changed the world considerably and at the present we have started believing that the majority of business organizations are well aware of the fact that their significant liability to global and local societies is further than only generating and maximizing profit. In other words, there is at the present a rising concern with the question of how organizations and their project teams should react, as well as this situation leads us to think about ethics as the suitable academic and idealistic area. Additionally, it is predominantly significant for the project management of IT projects for the reason that they involve a wide variety of social and environmental effects. These effects can emerge in result of project management of latest technologies and the organizations that have power over them. On the other hand, researchers have not paid considerable attention in putting into practice a practical implementation of ethical information system mechanism (Siguroarson, 2009; Mingers & Walsham, 2010; Stahl, 2008). In addition, (Couger, 1989; Laudon, 1998), believe that there is no methodical study or literature which can be acknowledged as one discovery, for instance, project management ethics, IT ethics, information system ethics, business ethics, and in medical and legal ethics. There could be many reasons behind it for instance the current and past literature on...In this scenario, the ethical decision will be based on the maximum total utility. In view of the fact that this theory focuses on the results or outcomes of decisions, hence it is typically acknowledged as 'consequentialist'. On the other hand Kantian deontolog y follows a basically different idea and determines the ethical superiority of a decision in keeping with the purpose of the decision maker. In this scenario, the ethical assessment of a maxim relies on whether it can be imagined or universalized as a general rule. In view of the fact that this approach focuses on the duty bound intention of the decision maker with little focus to consequences hence it is acknowledged as deontological. In addition, a set of ethical theories frequently discussed in the context of project management paradigm minimized both the significance of responsibility and consequences, however focuses on the decision maker. The third ethical theory is known as virtue ethics, which does not take into consideration hypothetical difference between right and wrong on the basis of outside features of an act however it is actually foundational upon the way in which a certain act focuses on the character of the decision maker (Siguroarson, 2009; Walsham, 2003; Charlesw orth & Sewry, 2002). All the ethical theories are implemented on humans for the reason that they all guide the people to differentiate between right and wrong. In addition, all the theories demonstrate that we should do good and avoid bad activities but their way of explanation is different from one another.

Teacher leadership mentoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teacher leadership mentoring - Essay Example First and foremost, the best plan for Ms. Thomas is to show that she has authority and control of all the activities carried out in class. She must ensure that all activities conform to the expected conduct of students in the class and supervise all work done even though in groups. It has been observed that some students are often found wandering during learning period which should not be the case. Managing effectively in class has several advantages as this would reduce the burden that seems to be negatively affecting her performance. With regards to student engagement, the best plan is to focus on the role of the student and make it the center of the educational process while she as the teacher would act as a regulator or facilitator that guides the learners throughout the lesson. This can be done through encouraging pupils to participate in class through responding to questions raised or to place the students in groups where they are given tasks to do then asked to give feedback to others. It has been noted that there is less student activity where the teacher is talking throughout the whole lesson with little input from the learners who are supposed to be the beneficiaries of the knowledge they acquire from the teacher. When students work together to accomplish shared learning goals, there would be highly chances that they would master what they discuss in class which is a very good plan for Ms. Thomas to be able to entice the students to participate in class. It is very important for the students to work toge ther in order to share and exchange the ideas with others since they will feel that knowledge can be generated through feedback and communication with others which makes them become more realistic than teaching through the book and focus on homework only. Group work is recommendable since it inculcates a sense of interdependence where the students would discover that the

Hospitals in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hospitals in Islam - Essay Example Many hospitals were developed during the Islamic revolution, but it was Caliph Al-Walid I an Ummayad who founded the first hospital in 705 AD in Jundishapur. This was a Persian city in the Ahwaz province although some critics consider this institution was only a place where lepers because it imposed isolation. The physicians and attendants operating the hospital were paid for their services and it was at the hospital that Greek medicine together with Persian medical practices began to thrive. The first Islamic hospital was built in 786-809 AD in Bagdad, Iraq, during the reign of Caliph Harun-ul-Rashid. The task of operating and heading the facility fell to Jibrail Bakhtishu, who was a well-revered physician. During his tenure, the hospital achieved fame and the building of other hospitals soon followed (Doak, 2010, 113). One of the latter hospitals to be built was the Audidi hospital in 982 AD, whose inception was started by Al-Razi who personally selected the building site due to the existence of germs in the area. He wanted a place where there were fewer germs and the hospital soon opened with 24 physicians who included specialists from different fields of medicine. They included physiologists, oculists and surgeons (Bonner, 2007,

Should central banks be independent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should central banks be independent - Essay Example They all have different origins hence the difference in the roles and functions that they are expected to play. While some of them were established as a special purpose upon which the government banks were brought up to bring about order in the way that bank notes are issued, others were developed to act as sources of funding for the governments (Downes & Vaez-Zadeh 92). There are other central banks that started off as large commercial banks that dominated and subsequently were able to boost the economy by offering the monopoly rights to provide bank notes. Most of the central banks started their operation during the 20th century as central banks that held the public policy agencies to conduct the functions related to central banking. However, the bundles of functions associated with the central bank have always differed in a substantial way from one country to the other. In this paper the main functions and roles of the central banks will be analyzed and an evaluation performed o w hether the central banks should be made independent (Touffut 52). The key functions of the central bank revolve around the fact that the central bank is an agency that is expected to perform the conducts of monetary policy and provide the means through which it can be settled. In the past, they functioned as the government’s bankers, the monopoly of issuing notes, the banker’s bank, the last resort lender, controller and regulator of credit and the maintenance of external stability (Goodhart xiii). The most important function of the central bank has been linked to the role of financial stability. However, it is considered as the objective that extends or goes beyond the objectives of functions, which contribute towards financial stability. Nonetheless, it is still applicable in many countries where for example in China, it is the role of the People’s bank to ensure that financial risks are mitigated with the effort to provide financial stability

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay What Picture Of Childhood Does Charles Dickens Create In The First Section of Great Expectations?  In 1861, when Dickens embarked upon telling the novel Great Expectations, the country was riveted. Theyd hasten to read the next weekly instalment which was full of drama and, more importantly, the issues which Dickens urged to convey throughout the novel. Strong feelings were rooted to his childhood where he was forced to work in a blacking factory and even give up his education at one point. When he did receive an education it was poorly taught, like Pips own experience. In comparison, our society today and its compulsory education is a striking contrast to Victorian childrens life. Treatment during childhood is also an important theme and most interestingly how Pip is treated by his sister Mrs Joe and her husband Joe Gargery. Whereas Joe supports and encourages Pip, Astonishing! You ARE a scholar, he remarks when Pip writes something on the chalkboard to him, Mrs Joe treats Pip extremely differently. Despite being only a sister to Pip, Mrs Joe acts as his mother as she has raised him by hand. Literally this describes how she raised him alone, but also symbolises how Pip seemed to be raised by Mrs Joes violence. She is firm and cruel and uses the tickler, a whip, on Pip when she sees that he has misbehaved. This sounds childish and fun to our ears, which is ironic seeing as it causes Pip so much pain throughout his childhood. Another severe and strict method of control is force feeding a disgusting dose of tar water. This treatment for a naughty child, which is used on Pip, was also used on Joe. This could be a possible reason for why Joe and Pip act brotherly and are on equal terms as seen here: get behind the door old chap, as they are united against Mrs Joes cruel punishments and severity despite the social rules that your elders are your betters. Therefore, although Joes behaviour towards Pip seems more natural to us nowadays, it is in fact Mrs Joes treatment of Pip, which Dickens writes to give us a picture of childhood, which was more common in Victorian times. The classic seen and not heard view of children, which was meant quite literally at the dinner table on Christmas day where Pip was not allowed to speak., is also portrayed in the character of Mr Pumblechook. He tells Pip over dinner he should be grateful to them which brought you up by hand, because if he had been born a Squeaker he would not have received such care. Mr Pumblechook uses every chance, like testing his arithmetic, to belittle and insult Pip. However, when Pip gains his fortune Mr Pumblechook hypocritically claims that it was well deserved and they have always been old friends. We can see that Mr Pumblechook, in seeing that Pip is now of a higher status and so has to respect and try to gain favour of him, whereas before young Pip as a child was of a very low status. Miss Havisham looks down on Pip for another reason as her wealth makes Pip feel even more common. She invites him to play in Satis House, which has been neglected since her failed wedding day. She is blunt with Pip, for example: I hope you want nothing. Youll get nothing. She has a frighteningly manipulative influence on those around her. She teaches Estella to break mens hearts and encourages Pip to think she is his mysterious benefactor. It could be because she spends too much time alone with her bitter thoughts, which allows her to be so cunningly manipulative. She expects people to follow her wishes, especially Pip as he is common. You are unwilling to play, then are you willing to work? In contrast, Magwitchs treatment towards Pip is regardless of class. When he first meets him he is desperate, shaking, ill and in pain. We can see that this makes him desperate, and even threatening to Pip. However, later on in the novel we can see that Magwitch treats Pip with great respect in affection in return for his help seeing himself as Pips second-father, whereas Mr Pumblechook tries to leech of Pip when hes older. It is difficult to tell whether Pips deed or Magwitchs nature lead Magwitch to treat someone so kindly like Pip, but as he was desperate on the marshes we can assume he isnt only kind to Pip. Friends on the desolate marshes are a fortune Pip does not possess in his childhood. Interacting with children your own age plays a vital role in growing up as we can see from Pips reactions to his meetings with Estella. Her condescending manner is very apparent in the scornful tone she refers to Pip as boy despite being the same age as him. Once again, it is because of class that she mocks him. She laughs at him for calling the Knaves Jacks. However, Pip falls in love with her even more despite her cruel actions and wishes to change and better his life in the hope of wooing Estella. She has caused a huge impact on Pips life because of the way she has been brought up to break their hearts and because she is the first pretty girl Pip has set his eyes upon. Pip first meets Herbert Pocket in the grounds of Satis House where he is challenged to a fight. Not knowing his name, Pip refers to him as the pale young gentleman. He was secretly afraid of him despite that he did not look very healthy. It could be that his fear is from being treated badly by those of higher status; however, Herbert treats him as an equal by playing and even returning Pips good will by saying same to you. This shows how he treats Pip more fairly unlike Estella. This gives us an insight that class is not an issue to all children. Another person similar to Pips age is Biddy. She comes to look after Joe, Mrs Joe and Pip and at once Pip recognises her intelligence. However, we can see a slight snobbery in the way Pip looks at her. He does not understand how she can learn quicker than Pip. From this we can see he acknowledges Biddys intelligence, but is also confused why he is not superior in that aspect which is rather snobbish. Although Pip and Biddy do not see each other in the same way (Pip did not know back then that Biddy loved Pip), Pip trusts Biddy immensely and tells her that he wants to be a gentleman on Estellas account. He has told no one else this, but still looks down on Biddy and thinks she is envious and grudging of his new wealth. He does not treat her as an equal in this aspect so it is difficult to see if we could call her a true friend. And as friends are important in childhood, its clear to see that Dickens is saying that Pip did not have much of one. Unlike today, Pip doesnt play any games nor is he allowed as much freedom to go out. He is whipped for visiting the graveyard, so he certainly wouldnt be able to go out with friends like children his age today. He is expected to learn from Joe in the forge and become apprenticed (PRENGTD) to him. Before receiving the fortune he has no choice, and at the beginning wants no other career; however we are now encouraged to consider many career options from a young age. This may have been because back then, you didnt have much chance other than to follow the family trade unless you had money. In Satis House he is expected to play in front of Miss Havisham, walk her and keep her company. Even though he is there to play, it is not by choice and he does not have fun by it. His games, for example cards, are very formal whereas today children would play informally and with children their own age, and so once again Dickens shows Pips lack of fun in childhood.

Typs Of Paragraphs Essay Example for Free

Typs Of Paragraphs Essay A Comparison of two athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA), two players who have a lot of similarities are Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls and Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers. Michael Jordan led the Bulls 3 consecutive championships from 1991 to 1993 and another 3 from 1996 to 1998 while Kobe Bryant steered the Lakers to a similar title reign from 2000 to 2002. However, while the two are both superb basketball players who have a number of accomplishments under their belts, they also differ in a lot of aspects. The most notable difference between the two athletes is their individual awards in the NBA. Jordan was named league Most Valuable Player for 5 seasons while Bryant was never given the award. Moreover, Jordan entered the NBA from college while Bryant came straight from high school. Despite their differences, two athletes are, without a doubt, two players whose names will forever be remembered in the world of basketball. Raise the Punishment for Drunk Driving   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In almost every country, one of the most common causes of car accidents is drunk driving or driving under the influence of alcohol. However, more than just disturbing the flow of traffic and injuring themselves, drunk drivers most of the time also cause accidents that harm and sometimes even kill other people such as other drivers on the road or even bystanders simply walking along the road. People arrested for drunk driving are usually fined and imprisoned for a certain number of days and are then released. The problem with this type of penalty system is that a lot of drunk drivers never learn their lesson unless they cause serious damage, like accidentally claiming the life of another person. Considering the dangers that drunk driving poses to society in general, it is necessary to raise the punishment imposed on drunk drivers. The penalty should include years and not simply days of imprisonment as well as heavy fines similar to those imposed on more severe crimes like murder. This way, people would think twice before even considering driving while under the influence of alcohol. Classification Paragraph on Animals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Animals can be classified according to the food they eat as herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Herbivores are basically animals that who eat only plants, which are also their main source of energy. Examples of herbivores include cows, sheep, gazelles, antelopes, and goats, among others. On the other hand, carnivores are basically a group of animals that obtain their food from hunting, killing, and eating other animals, hence the name â€Å"meat-eaters.† Examples of carnivores include lions, leopards, wolves, cheetahs, tigers, snakes, panthers, jaguars, and bears, among others. Lastly, omnivores are animals that get their energy from eating either animals or plants. The best examples of omnivores are human beings since we both eat the meat of other animals and plants. In addition, animals such as pigs, raccoons, hedgehogs, badgers, gulls, and piranhas, are also classified as omnivores. Some animals are scavengers that will only eat dead matter while others will eat the eggs of other animals.

Health and illness: Social and biological constructs

Health and illness: Social and biological constructs Define both health and illness as social and biological constructs. Examine the ways in which both constructs differ in your answer make reference to health patterns in two contrasting cultures The everyday absence of disease or illness is known as our health (Bilton et al 2002). Health is simply a biological description of our bodies, and if something is not right, then we deem ourselves ill (Bilton et al 2002). There is understood to be two views on health and illness, one being the biological and the other sociological. Biological views of our health looks at our bodies through the biomedical model of health, this is used by health professionals in the diagnoses and treatment of a disease (Bilton et al 2002). If a person is diagnosed with an illness, it can be treated by forms or medicines, therapies, such as physiotherapy, or by surgery (Bilton et al 2002). The biomedical model looks at our body in different ways and it is understood that the mind and the body can be treated differently; this is referred to as mind/body dualism. Plus the body is liked to a machine, meaning it can be repaired, the doctor being the engineer that repairs it (Nettleton 2006). Because of the ability to diagnose illnesses and recommend treatment, the health profession hold a high power status, along with the dominance of the health industry (Bilton et al 2002). Society has been entrenched with this power held by a health professional, we have become dependent on going to seek medical advice because of their experience on the understanding of being ill and letting them decide whether treatment is needed (Bilton et al 2002). Doctors comprehend that health and illness is not a shared by their patients, so education and expensive advertisements attempt to promote awareness and symptoms. The Biomedical model is criticised by socialist McKeown (1976) were he argued that improved hygiene, sanitation and nutrition have been important social improvements of health (McKeown 1976 in Parry 2010). Furthermore Illich (1975) argues that modern medicine is iatrogenic, meaning it creates rather than cures disease (Illich 1975 in Parry 2010). Marxist (1972) theories also argue that the p rominence of the medical model removes the attention away from social causes of disease (Marxist 1972 in Parry 2010, Adams et al 2002). In contrast to the biomedical model we also have the sociological model of health, it is understood that this considers the social origins and influences on disease (Bilton et al 2002). The social model of health considers the environment, social and behavioural factors into consideration. The social model has a long history, from influences such as urbanisation and industrialisation (Wainwright 2007). Likewise material deprivation plays a fundamental role in the cause of disease (Wainwright 2007). This is because the poor may be refused or not have the knowledge to access to goods and services for health. Providing clean water, good housing and an adequate food supply can contribute to a person being healthier (Wainwright 2007). It is claimed that if a person is working in a job that is strenuous then they are more likely to catch disease and become ill (Wainwright 2007). It is also understood that working class people have a higher mortality rate than those in the other classes (Wa inwright 2007, Parry 2010). This could be due to the working class living in industrialised areas or highly populated areas as the spread of disease is more common (Bilton et al 2002). Likewise work related accidents are more prone to people working in industrialised areas (Bilton et al 2002, Wainwright 2007). Health education can play a role in improving the health of people, if people can understand how leading unhealthy lifestyles can contribute to illness and disease then maybe this will turn them away from the unhealthy lifestyle (Bilton et al 2002, Parry 2010). Some forms of an unhealthy lifestyle could be smoking, eating fatty foods or lacking physical activity (Sanna 2006). The social model of health also suggests that disability is driven upon an impaired person as a result of the way society is organised (Oliver and Sapey 1999). Suggesting a person with an impairment has become unable to remain in the community due to the social and physical environment stopping them conti nuing to lead an independent life (Oliver and Sapey 1999). In comparison the culture in China have a different view on the health of the body. This is understood to be the body is in good health when it is in total harmony, this referring to the Yin and Yang (Wong 2008), factors such as the environment influence this imbalance (Wong 2008). To restore the balance, traditional remedial practises are used; an example of this is herbal tea (Wong 2008, Holtz 2008). The Chinese government have a laissez-flair policy for health care in rural areas, they also utilise a pay as you go type scheme for when a person visits a hospital or clinic (Holtz 2008, Wong 2008). People in urban areas can also have government health insurance which aims to provide more access to health care and better technologies (Holtz 2008). Currently the Chinese government have invested heavily on improving public health by modifying and enlarging disease prevention units, supply control centres and disaster relief in some of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s major cities (Holtz 2 008). Mental health is one of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s major concerns; this is due to the rapid social and economic changes, financial losses, gambling, extramarital affairs, family violence, divorce and raises in substance abuse (Holtz 2008). Furthermore unemployment and the widening gap between the wealthy and the poor are having an effect on the Chinese populationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mental health (Holtz 2008). Mexico has a range of packages available for its residents to enable them to access health care (Holtz 2008); this includes the social security institution which provides coverage for all medical care and prescriptions (Holtz 2008). Also the social security system, which covers workers, is made up of several agencies and is funded by employers, employees and the government (Holtz 2008). Relationship failures, imbalances with food, water, air and temperature add to the causes of illness in Mexico (Holtz 2008). Clean water has been a challenge for Mexico as this is needed to prevent illness and maintaining health (Holtz 2008). It is understood by some that illness is caused as a failure to relate to god (Holtz 2008) and due to the high costs in health care in Mexico; there are spiritual and physical healers that use traditional technics (Holtz 2008). The Curanderos, are believed to be chosen by god to heal people (Holtz 2008). Yerberos specialize in using herbs and spices for treatment (Holtz 2008). Sobadors use massage therapy to try and correct muscle imbalance (Holtz 2008). Parteras are midwife like, women only, who have been trained as a birth attendant by other family members or friends this is cheaper to pay for than a physician (Holtz 2008).

Television Violence and Children :: essays research papers media

Television Violence and Children The effects of television violence and children can vary according to the child. There are various effects, both physical and psychological, that can occur. First of all, the child, through his years of watching television, may develop the concept that violence is a way to solve problems. The watching of these television shows is where most of the children pick up this aggressive mindset they have. It is to be said that eighty percent of what you learn when you are a child, is from what you see. That in it can become very dangerous to the child in many ways. Secondly, the child may have a favorite character he or she looks up to, who may have a violent role in the cartoon. Seeing their favorite cartoon character kill another character may give an impression that it?s funny and is okay to so the same. The bright colors from cartoons simply catch the child?s eye. . The viewing of violence does not make the child violent, but it kind of tells them that it is acceptable for their favorite cartoon character to hurt others. There have been researches that have shown that the estimated child, once passed elementary, will have been introduced to eight thousand murders, and more than one hundred-thousand acts of some sort of violence on television. Those numbers show a dramatic change in the way television shows have increased their violence rate. With numbers like these, violence can be extremely harmful to a child. In recent studies it has been proven that once children are put in front of a television, their concentration cannot be broken or wrecked. Most children who watch these violent shows have been less patient, more aggressive, and more likely to have lower grades than the children who watch television shows like Mr. Rogers. The more the child watches these violent shows, the faster he or she will unnaturally speed up the impact of the

Women in Science, Math, and Engineering Essay -- Work Careers Papers

Women in Science, Math, and Engineering The statistics can be somewhat startling, while women receive 56% of BA degrees in the United States, they receive only 37% of the Science, Mathematics, and Engineering (SME) bachelor degrees (Chang, 1). As scary as the statistics on women are, they only point to an even bigger problem among all SME majors. According to one study, there is a 40% decline in the number of undergraduate science majors between the first and senior year of college (Didon, 336). Another study found that about 50% of the students who enter college in SME majors will change their major in two years (Change, 1). In a study of Hispanic American women who declared physical science or mathematics majors, 50% drop out within the first grading period (Ortiz, 1). The lack of SME majors has often been blamed on America’s high schools or even elementary schools, with university professors claiming students are not encouraged to consider science careers or are unprepared by their high school teachers. The stati stics tell another story, no matter which specific numbers you consider, 50% in two years or 40% in their college careers, students are getting turned off from SME careers while in college, not high school. And the problem isn’t just with women; men are fleeing the sciences as well. This decline in SME majors couldn’t be coming at a worse time. Studies show the U.S. will need 1.9 millions science workers over the next ten years (Chang, 1). All SME fields, especially physics, saw a rise in prestige, funding, demand, and research areas during the middle of the twentieth century. The space race was a major boost to the sciences as America saw the importance of a scientific education and scientific research. Ma... ...h Effective Mentoring. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 1996. Farrell, Elizabeth F. â€Å"Engineering a Warmer Welcome for Female Students.† The Chronicle of Higher Education. February 22, 2002. students p 31. Ortiz, Flora Ida. â€Å"The Recruitment and Retention Patterns of Hispanic American Women in College. A paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Montreal, Canada, April 11-15, 1983). Seymour, Elaine. â€Å"’The Problem Iceberg’ in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education. Student Explanations for High Attrition Rates.† Journal of College Science Teaching. 21, 4. February 1992, p 230-238. Seymour, Elaine and Nancy Hewitt. Talking About Leaving: Why Undergraduates Leave the Sciences. Boulder: Westview Press. 1997. Tobias, Shelia. They’re Not Dumb, They’re Different. Tuscon, AZ: Research Corp. 1990.

Mark Twain and Huckleberry Finn :: essays papers

Mark Twain and Huckleberry Finn In 1884, Mark Twain wrote one of the most controversial and remembered novels in the world of literature, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain was the pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was born in Florida, Missouri, Nov. 30, 1835. Twain was one of six children. This contributed to his family being poor. Twain often had to find inexpensive forms of entertainment. Twain made Huckleberry Finn represent him fictionally in this book. Huck did the same typical boy things as Twain. ^Now, we'll start this band of robbers and call it..." was one of the things Huck said (Twain 9). When Twain was four years old, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a small town on the west bank of the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River and the towns along it were used as the setting in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. "We judged that three nights more would fetch us to Cairo, at the bottom of Illinois, where the Ohio River comes in^^ (Twain 106). Huck and Jim were trying to reach a town named Cairo. It was located in a free state, Ohio. Cairo was just one of the many towns Twain referred to in this novel. Twain even used familiar dialects in his novel. He stated at the beginning of the novel, "the Missouri negro dialect; the extremest form of the backwoods Southwestern dialect; the ordinary Pike County dialect... are used to wit..." (Twain 1). In this book, as they traveled down the Mississippi River, the values of Huck and Jim were contrasted against those of the people living in the southern United States. Huck (the narrator and one of the main characters) and Jim(another main character) were both trying to reach freedom. Twain based this book on things that were happening during this time in his life. Huck was introduced without a father in his life. Twain's father had died when he was about Huck's age in the book. Twain portrayed religion and the morals of the southern society with satire. "The men took their guns [to church] ... and kept them between their knees...^ (Twain 142) was just one example. In the time of Twain's life that he wrote this novel, the Civil War had just ended. The war had tested society's morals. The issue of slavery was important to Twain which was the reason morals were portrayed in this way. The freedom and peacefulness of the river soon gave way to the

Guide to Web Research and MLA Essay

The World Wide Web is the broadest source of information today. Other than this fact, it is also accessible through the computer, given that it has Internet access. Since it has a broad source of information, people use it for academic research, besides its use for entertainment. However, one major problem with Web searches is the published material’s credibility since it is often open to a wide variety of audiences and contributors. Since the students’ reliability on Web research is increasing, then there is a need to address the issue about the web sources’ credibility. One way to ensure the sources’ credibility is to evaluate the details on the website itself—like the author, date published, and web site title. These details can help one to understand the worth and uniqueness of the information on the website since some information tend to be rehashes of the original one. To make things simpler, it is quite advisable to look at academic websites—like university databases—and online scholarly journal sites. Most of the time, the information here is quite credible since the authors from such websites have the credentials to prove their words’ worth. I believe everyone already had their fair share of frustration from web research. More often than not, the information that appears on the first page tend to come from websites ranging from slightly reliable to non-reliable. Other than that, I have also encountered links to websites wherein payment is required in order to gain access to the information—like many online libraries. These problems can discourage students and force them into accepting the information regardless of its credibility. Furthermore, it can also exhaust the energy of students, making them more timid. The Modern Language Association or MLA is a language and writing institution developed in order to create a common guide of academic writing that the students, scholars, and members of the academe could follow. It basically provides a network upon which members from different places could share information and academic trends with others (MLA, 2008). Since the organization has a myriad of members wherein most are experts in the academe, their guide becomes a requirement in order to help the students and other members of the academe to organize their academic papers properly. Fighting Until the Very End of Life The poem Do not Go Gentle into that Good Night by Dylan Thomas shares the struggle of a dying person or a person’s grief on the gradual loss of a dying loved one. Basically, the poem centers on the theme of not giving up and fighting until death. Once a person succumbs to the thought of death, then he or she may already be considered dead. In a nutshell, the first stanza entails a persona telling the reader (or to whom the poem is dedicated) to not give up easily and go fight against death and weakness—basically, to become fierce. In stanzas two to five, the persona gives out specific examples of fierce men never giving up, which in turn supports the first stanza. In stanza six, the persona addresses the reader (or to whom the poem is dedicated) to show him or her the fierceness that he or she once had, or the fierceness of his or her soul, which would make the persona happy (Thomas, 1971). The persona of the poem may be Dylan Thomas himself, as he wrote this poem for his dying father—growing weaker from old age and blindness. Throughout the poem, he sought to encourage his father to fight on for his life, no matter how inevitable death was (citation). Besides him being the persona, it could also assume the role of a dying person who encourages others to fight on and to never give up until the very end. The persona assumes a sad yet encouraging tone throughout the poem. The phrases Do not go gentle into that good night and Rage, rage against the dying light are also reiterated throughout the poem in order to give emphasis to the theme of the poem. The persona also constantly reminds the reader and the target person to never go down without a fight since giving up life early would mean that the person is just as good as dead already. The two connotative words that have been heavily used throughout the poem is night and (dying) light. Basically, night here could be referring to the dying person (not the persona) accepting his or her fate peacefully, although there may as well be other connotations for this word. On the other hand, light or the phrase dying of the light could be pertaining to death, or at least weakness. The poem follows an alternating rhyme scheme, wherein the key words to follow are night and day. There is also a repetition of the two phrases Do not go gentle into that good night and Rage, rage against the dying light which gives more emphasis to the theme of the poem. The poem’s form and tone seem too soft and gentle for the poem’s subject which is death. This creates an irony that the persona is asking the dying person to become enraged against death. Metaphors and personifications are used throughout the poem, in order to give a hopeful tone for the persona’s beseeching of the dying person, instead of a tone associated with grief and loss. An example would be the stanza: â€Å"Though wise men at their end know dark is right, / Because their words had forked no lightning they / Do not go gentle into that good night† (4-6). References Thomas, D. (1971). Do not go gentle into that good night. Poets. org. Retrieved July 4, 2009 from http://www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/15377. MLA. (2008). About the MLA. Retrieved July 4, 2009 from http://www. mla. org/about.

Philippine Artifacts Essay

The Manunggul seismic disturbance is consequence of the spirituality of indigenous Philippines.The Manunggul electric shock is cultural prize institute in the early 1960s in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan which is classified ad as a secondary sepulture fluctuate, which means that only the bones of the system ar placed deep down. It has an elaborate object consisting of scrolls and curves on the top cover and is motley with hematite a type of mineral that produces red coloring once subjected to heat. However, the or so remarkable part of the jar is its palpebra which features two souls sailing to the afterworld in a death boat.The figure at the support is holding a steering paddle, although the blade of the paddle is missing. The one in lie is believed to be the soul of the person whose system are inside the jar, since it has its armor folded across its chest which was the usual position of a corpse cosmos prepared for sepulcher. It similarly seems lik e the figures are wearing material bands tied over the crowns of their heads, more recite of indigenous burial practices in the Philippines. The burial jar which is unrivaled in selenium Asia and considered as the work of a arrive at weedter, signifies the whimsy of early Filipinos in behavior after death. It is eond to the after-hours neolithic Period, about 890-710 B.C.Laguna Copperplate commitmentThe Laguna Copperplate In dealion is the oldest compose instrument ever arrange in the Philippines, and one of very few acquirable artifacts of precolonial times. harmonize to the inscription on the plate, it was create verbally during the Saka era 822 (which translates to April 21, 900 CE). Portions of the inscription are in Malay, Javanese, and Tagalog, as well as Sanskrit, which is not part of the Southeast Asian lingual group.The copperplate is now in the posession of the subject area Museum of the Philippines.InscriptionThe copperplate was a document from a chief of Tundun saying that he has explained a person named Namwaran of a debt of 1 kati and 8 suwarna (926.4 grams) of bills.The text has been translated as follows massive Live Year of Siyaka 822, month of Waisaka, jibe to astronomy. The fourth day of the waning moon, Monday. On this occasion, Lady Angkatan, and her br opposite whose name is Buka, the children of the estimable Namwaran, were awarded a document of complete pardon from the Com gentlemander in headspring of Tundun, stand for by the Lord see of Pailah, Jayadewa. By this order, through and through the scribe, the time-honored Namwaran has been forgiven of all and is released from his debts and arrears of 1 kat and 8 suwarna before the just Lord Minister of Puliran, Ka Sumuran by the billet of the Lord Minister of Pailah.Because of his faithful serve as a subject of the Chief, the ethical and widely renowned Lord Minister of Binwangan recognized all the living relatives of Namwaran who were claimed by the Chief of D ewata, represented by the Chief of Medang. Yes, therefore the living descendants of the ethical Namwaran are forgiven, indeed, of any and all debts of the just Namwaran to the Chief of Dewata. This, in any case, shall take for to whomever henceforth that on some early day should there be a man who claims that no release from the debt of the HonourableMaitum Anthropomorphic PotteriesIn 1991, archeologists discovered anthropomorphic secondary burial jars in Ayub Cave, Piol. Maitum, Sarangani Province, in Mindanao, Philippines. Since this sensational finding, a account of archaeological archeological sites were conducted to recover these important artifacts. These excavation projectswere any government or in private sponsored.These burial jars are do of earthenware and characterized by their design and form that looks like or suggests human figures with complete or partial tone facial characteristics. These are earthenware potteries with incisions and cut-out foot-rings. The se humanlike forms were associated with surface implements like bracelets. Some jars are change with glass beads and shell scoop, spoon, and pendants. Among the anthropomorphic vessels are plain non-anthropomorphic burial jars.According to scientists, these secondary burial jars date cover charge to the admixture Age. The artifacts were go out to 830 +/-60 B.P. (by a graduate date of A.D. 70 to 370) and 1920 +/- 50 B.P. (by a calibrated date of 5 B.C. to 225 A.D.). Scientists firm the age of the jars by doing radiocarbon date tests on the soot samples taken from a small earthenware vessel. This small vessel was plant inside one of the larger burial jar.Angono PetroglyphsThe Angono Petroglyphs are 127 images carved into a hem in of rock, and are estimated to date back to 3,000 BC. They were discovered in 1965 by Carlos Botong Francisco along the boundaries of Angono and Binangonan, Rizal. It is considered thye soonest prehistoric rock drawings. The site is a rock shelter or a shallow cave about 63 meters wide, 8 meters deep and 5 meters at its highest point.One hundred twenty septet human figures scattered on the seawall were do by engraving lines apply a piece of precious pit on the surface of the rock shelter. The cuts vary from cristal centimeters down to faint lines figures. The figures consist of bank note heads, with or without necks set on a rectangular or v- determine body. The li move up arms and legs are usually flexed. Some incisions on the rock wall are triangles, rectangles and circles. swing art is closely linked with a system of belief of a special(prenominal) group of large number. It is symbolic, not decorative.According to Filipino anthropologist Jesus Peralta, The engraved drawings are do without any reference to a baseline, suggesting that these were made during different points in time through a long period. In 1996, the petroglyphs were include in the World Monuments Watch, drawing care to the rock arts conservation. Since their discovery, more of the carvings have been eroded, or destroyed by vandalism.Butuan PalaeographThe Butuan Palaeograph, also known as the Butuan bills Strip is a piece of coat with inscriptions found in Butuan province in mid-1970s by a team of archaeologists from the guinea pig Museum. Treasure hunters who were looking for old ceramics and gold ornaments discovered this metal strip inside a wooden coffin. Coffins of the said(prenominal) characteristics, which date back to the 14th and fifteenth centuries, were found in the site, however, according to Dr. Jesus Peralta, found inside were human fossils with artificially alter skulls a practice limited to grey Philippines and unpopular in Luzon.Because of the similarities found betwixt the coffins, it is reasonable for the archaeologists to assume that the latter came from that same era. But debates arose regarding the origin of the said artifact, still until now, it is considered to belong to Butuan where it was f ound. Dr. Boechari of Indonesia, said Peralta, identified the literature as very close to a Javanese script that existed from 12th to 15th century. This yet-to-be-decipher Butuan palaeograph is now in the hands of Proceso Gonzales, the city engineer of Butuan.Calatagan PotThe Calatagan Pot, excavated by treasure hunters in 1961, is considered to be the first pre-Spanish colonization artifact with traces of indigenous make-up. Discovered at Calatagan, Batangas, the scripts are oriented in a left-to-right manner around the mouth of the pot which are separated by mark of five or seven symbols. Studies conducted in the Calatagan Pot arrived at a belief that its scripts is a form of Tanaga a four-versed poesy with no rhyme or a Mangyan Ambahan a type of chanted metrical composition of seven syllables.The Butuan Ivory SealShown on the right is an ivory seal from Butuan. The fastness representation is how a wax mould from the tool would look like. The lower invite shows the face of the ivory seal bar that it has been flipped (mirror image) to show the theme in its invent orientation. The combination of the positive impression and the negative but flipped view gives a soften idea of what the writing looks like than either one alone.The ivory seals provenance is unknown to me. Antoon Postma reports that it was shown to him by Dr. ideal Bautista in 1990 at a group in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He says that the seal was in Bautistas custody but does not know whether it belonged to the depicted object Museum or not. The writing is stylized Kavi, each letter being fitted into an oblong box so that it appears distorted. Postma states that the script is similar to that on the inscription of Puh Serang near Kediri dated 1002. He further indicates that the writing says Butban, which presumably stands for Butwan or Butuan since band w are frequently interchangeable. If this is correct, the three symbols fate to transliterate as bu, t-ba, and n. Although I am not very familiar with this particularised variation of the script, I find it demanding to see the medial form of u in the first symbol and the t-baligature in the second symbol.Balangay.The Balangay is the first wooden watercraft ever excavated in Southeast Asia. to a fault known as the Butuan boat, this artifact is an evidence of early Philippinecraftsmanship and their early attempts to venture in open waters.The balangay boats were discovered in the late 1970s in Butuan City, Agusan del Norte by archaeologists from the National Museum. There were actually nine balangays corned in the province. The first balangay, now continue and displayed in a site museum in Libertad, Butuan City, was radiocarbon tested and was dated at year 320. The second boat was dated to 1250, and is now located at the marine Hall of the National Museum in Manila. The terce balangay was transferred to the Butuan Regional Museum and is still undergoing preservation. The six other boats, which are yet to be excavated, quell in their original waterlogged soma which is proven to be the best look to preserve the said artifacts.Bronze Socketed Adzes and MouldsSocketed adzes made from tan are characteristic of the early on Metal Age. Bronze socketed adzes were found in Batu Puti and Uyaw Caves in Palawan Sanga-Sanga in Tawi-Tawi and Batangas. These tools were dated from ccc B.C. to 500 B.C. Clay molds for casting these bronze adzes recovered in the caves indicate that the muckle during that time reuse damaged bronze implements for qualification socketed adzes.The present implement known as wasay (axe) in central Philippines could have fill out from the bronze socketed adze of the Early Metal Age.Stone and Shell AdzesPrehistoric man used ground and polished rock n roll tools. It is believed that a infernal region adze shaped like an upper front incisor could be found where lightning hit a tree. Today, these stone implements are associated with thunder and lightning. Locally they ar e called ngipet duldug (thunder tooth), tango han linti (lightning tooth), and dila latik (light-ning tongue).The polished stone adzes that are oval in cross-section(prenominal) were made and used by the people during the Early Neolithic period. Ground stone tools typical of the Quadrangular Adze culture on the other hand, were found in a late Neolithic jar burial site. They are believed to be used for woodworking. These are small, ground and polished adzes of attractive grained stones which are rectangular or trapezoidal in cross-section.The stone adzes were found in Arku Cave, in Penablanca, Cagayan Duyung Cave in Palawan Dimolit, Isabela and Candaba, Pampanga.

Supply Chain Management – Greening Beyond Reverse Logistics.

In a world which is experiencing climate crisis in the found of increased ecological footprint beca white plague of environmental trauma ca utilize by various craftes, there is an immediate bespeak for value seeking and pro work outive feeler found on increasing the force of filch logistics manifestation of elanrn provision compasss. This paper looks at steeps to discredit the ecological footprint of the add together strings, ch bothenges involved in adopting putting surface quantitys and the practical problems encountered in the qualification of jet-propelled plane im come apart reachs. Key words supplement orbit way, ecological footprint, environmental way strategies, thousand issues Introduction Supply filament focusing is the coordination and focal point of a complex net feat of activities involved in delivering a done for(p) crop to the end substance abuser or customer . it is a vital task function and the form allows sourcing raw corporals and parts, manufacturing and assembling products, storage, revisal entry and tracking, distri altogetherion with the various take and finally delivery to the customer.A caller-ups bring out drawing string structure consists of external suppliers , natural functions of the follow and external distributors as swell as customers (commercial or end-user). firms whitethorn be members of multiple release stoves simultaneously . the wariness and corporation is come along complicated by global players spread crosswise geographic boundaries and multiple time z stars . the prospering vigilance of a grant arrange is withal influenced by customer expectations, globalization, breeding technology, government regulation, competition and the environment.Management of the cede filament is taking an all-important(a) role in lowering environmental adjoin of strain in this aspect the principle of ecological footprint shows how relevant ar the green world-classs in maintaining ecol ogical balance. It is aurgived that companies should rate the impact of their economic on the environment and imaging consumption, the footprint is defined as the amount of commonwealth required to meet a typical consumers needs for many countries the ecological footprints exceed the true(a) atomic number 18a of the respective countries, for example the ecological ootprint of the Netherlands is 15 times the ara of the countryEnvironmental management is gaining increasing pertainingness among researchers in add up chain management, the concept of color is decorous a life-sustaining avenue of this ara, besides the disposals are assigning increasing importance to the environmental issues. Despite near early steps a well knit theory or model for discolor of offer chains is lacking. Research curtain raisings are needed to overcome this problem, specially the research whitethorn take away to move beyond inverse logistics, into the organic evolution of green summat e chains.It is proposed that revert logistics alone whitethorn not be enough and that a rivet on the entire offer chain is much relevant for at a lower placestanding the impact of telephone circuit practices on the environment . this burn up gels with value seeking near of the environment that leverages the potential contribution of greening to the condescension organizations. The focus of greening as a belligerent initiative by the business organizations supports a to a greater extent(prenominal) proactive approach of greening instead of reacting to accordance measures of environmental regulations of several governments. The concept of reverse logistics contrary logistics stands for operations related to the reuse of products and materials which are part of the provision chain, it is the litigate of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost utile track down of raw materials, in-process inventory ,finished goods and related information from the poi nt of consumption to the point of origin for the break up of recapturing value or for attaining proper disposal, simply reverse logistics is the process of moving goods from their typical final coating for the purpose of capturing value or proper disposal, the reverse logistics process includes the management and the sales of sapless as well as returned equipment .Normally logistics deals with events that bring the product towards the customer. In the case of reverse logistics atleast one step impale in the translate chain. For example, goods move from the customer to the distributor or to the manufacturer. As reverse logistics is gaining increasing interest and relevance, the question bring forths whether it is enough to limit greening efforts to one segment of the put up chain and to single lodge. pursual is a diagram given below which gives a comm exclusively used scheme for implementing environment couthie initiatives in a company.Thisscheme depicts that there is much to a greater extent to greening than the reversed flow of goods only. reening hind end commencement rite at the source with cater conditions and digest work its way finished storage and forwarding practices to distribution and to end-consumers all of which is referred to as green tot up chain management (GSCM). green supply chain management is adding the green component to the supply chain and it involves addressing the influence and relationships of supply chain management through the natural environment. Green supply chain management (GSCM) =green purchasing+ green manufacturing/materials management+ green distribution/marketing+ reverse logistics This reverse flow in reverse logistics buttocks take different forms,from collection to return shipments into the distribution channel followed by disassembly and reuse of selected parts. Alternatively, goods could be scrapped and re-entered into production as raw materials.Return goods or agents of the product, could even be returned to suppliers and supply chain partners for them to re-manufacture. Other possible supply chain applications programmes should be taken into consideration. for example, disassemblies operations in the reverse flow nooky be replaced by incorporating a proactive design for disassembly right in the initial product design stage of both(prenominal) supplier and customer. What are the approaches for issue green. The writ of execution of greening as a agonistic initiative was explained in detail by porter and van der linde(1995) they think that investments in greening buns be hangout saving, prodigality eliminating and productivity improving.As a result, green initiatives target lower not only the environmental impact of a business, but also rise efficiency, maybe creating major competitive advantages in innovation and operations. Kopicki et al. (1993),introduced triad approaches in environmental management the oxidizable, pro-active and value-seeking approach. in the reactive approach companies commit minimal resources to environmental management as they vex to procure some products with some recycled content, start labeling products that are recyclable. in the proactive approach, companies start to implement new environmental laws by realizing a modest recourse shipment to initiate the cycle of product and designing green products.In this approach the ompany assumes debt instrument over product re-use and recycling as an element of environmental management. The most far reaching approach is value-seeking, in that companies integrate environmental activities into a business strategies and operate the firm to reduce its impact on the environment as a strategic initiative. The interrogative sentence of the organization establishes a strong environmental freight and the chapiter commitment is allocated among partners in the supply chain. Operating governing bodys in the value-seeking face may include the re-design of the products for dis-assembly, the use of life cycle outline of the product and creating and involment of third parties.Companies are integrating environmental management into corporate strategic planning and into day-to-day process as they adopt a recourse-productivity frame work to maximize benefits attained from environmental computer programmes. Theextention of kopicki et al. (1993) framework offered by Walton et al. (1998) is that they state that companies go forth only thrive in the final face of environmental management when they act as a whole arrangement that includes customers, suppliers and early(a) players in the supply chain. By developing a supply chain approach in the environmental management process, the impact on supply chain operation gets leveraged throughout the supply chain.They detail how much(prenominal)(prenominal) an approach requires cross functional and cross company activities including product design, suppliers, processes, evaluation systems and inbound logistics. Walley and whitehead (1994) mentioned the value-based approach as the most far-reaching approach in environmental management. They characterized this approach as systematic, through the strong commitment and integration of flexible strategies and structures, throughout the supply chain. deep down this approach three vitrines of activities are downstairstaken operational, technical and strategicactivities, depending on the impact on value and the arena of discretional response. What are the green steps to be taken If a supply chain approach is so important in a value-seeking greening initiative how should businesses develop such an approach?The first step to be taken in greening the supply chains involve identifying the various supply chain flows and customizing the greening approaches basing on a particular supply chain flow. there are five supply chain flows- materials, expediencys, financial, information and knowledge, and desertflows. These flows may also constitute diffe rent scale levels, and thus, are directly related tothe boundaries that envelop them or through which they flow. The types of flows, theirpurpose, and how they are managed may also differ depending on the boundary context. For example, materials flows from an organisational boundaries perspective wouldrequire that materials be cooperatively concur upon by managers and designers, and froma proximal perspective the decisions on where they are designated to be located andstored.An new(prenominal) example would be information flows where sound requirements rush themmanaging the information so they screwing be reported to customers, maculation information relatedto environmental cost may only be of concern to an operations manager orenvironmental department. We now provide an overview of the different flows and somerelationships and studies on green supply chain. Materials Flows Materials flows are typical animal(prenominal) flows associated with supply chains and mayinclude parts, components, raw materials or finished goods. very much of the research insupply chain management has focus on the management of tangible durable goods. one(a) of the basic mother fuckers is material flow analysis which has been recommended forevaluating an corporate environmental supply chain.The environmental aspects ofthese flows are well documented in and betwixt organizations and capture implications onall forms of environmental media implications ranging from solid burn out management, Resource productivity, dematerialization and climate change issues. whatever newresearch has proposed that material flow analysis be a core aspect of managing supplierenvironmental relationships. Service Flows These flows represent more intangible flows of portions amongst organizations. Example help flows would be utilities and transportation operates offered toorganizations. Some of the profit flows from these two industries are major contributorsto the major environmental concern s facing the world, climate change, and are criticalelements of the supply chain.Since we turn O.K. utilities into this flow, we couldinclude energy service and critical pee flows, albeit pissing may also be a physicalMaterial flow. efficacy services in the supply chain are essentially pertinent since they aregrouped at levels of importance standardised to material flows and are also critical flows for service industries. In fact, the energy service providers have greatly increased inimportance amongst supply chains as deregulation ( peculiarly in the US) has seenincreased growth since the early 1990s. Services may include many supportingactivities that may not be completely carried out by the organization or require specificmaterials. schooling and financial services may also fall deep down this scope for industrial and retail level consumption.This more generic service assiduity has seen little researchin the green supply chain management literature, except for some hospi tality and tourismservice industry perspectives . at bottom the supply chain, the shift to dematerialization could be intensify with servicizing materials flows . Servicizing, also defined as product-service systems, is essentially the process of marketing services rather products or materials toorganizations. angiotensin-converting enzyme example of this is in Xeroxs dodging to offer a service, documentmanagement, for its copiers by leasing them rather than selling them. It provided aleasing service of a product which was taken back and reclaimed after lease expiration.Ina servicizing relationship, both the purchaser and the supplier wish to decrease materialusage, where cost savings can be shared. Another aspect of service flows are those services provided by nature and includethe hobby ecosystem service categories provisioning such as the productionof food and water regulating, such as the control of climate and distemper supporting, suchas nutrient cycles and crop pollin ation cultural, such as spiritual and recreationalbenefits and preserving, which includes guarding against un certainty through themaintenance of diversity. Managing these service flows may or may not be under thecontrol of a man-made supply chain, but for sure have some relationships to all supplychains. Financial FlowsFinancial flows are primarily the flow of capital (money) across the supply chain. These flows are critical to the management of supply chain practices. The environmentalimplications of these flows are mostly associated with the funding of practices andservice/material flows which may cause environmental damage and consumption. The management of these flows can have profound environmental implications (forexample financial institutions may not lend due to environmental risks associated withcertain organisational projects). Tools integrating the financial flows into supply chainmanagement have relied on standard accounting tools such as action based costing.Financia l flow evaluation and analysis interconnected into environmental supply chainmanagement has been very limited. As the recent world financial crisis shows, financialsystems will greatly range the amount of material flows and requirements for allsupply chains. One of the missing think in evaluating financial (capital) flows is the integrationof natures capital into the evaluation of supply chain economics. Integration ofnatures services into supply chains financial flows analyses can provide significantlymore stainless perspectives on the influence of environmental supply chain managementpractices of organizations. The concentratedy arises from the various assumptions that have tobe made for such a flow.Valuation of environmental resources is certainly a mystifyingexercise with significant variances in estimations. Information Flows Information and knowledge flows are also one of the critical management aspectsof green supply chain management. Much of the environmental informatio n withinthe supply chain can be related to product life cycles and LCA type analyses . Operations across the supply chain can also benefit the environment just with regularinformation. Some of these benefits can be tied to the principle of information interchange, having accurate information about material and goods that replace the needto create durable material and goods.Information substitution can greatly reduce theamount of energy, transportation, and material inventory in the supply chain. Withthe advent of e-commerce and inter-organizational information systems within the supplychain, information substitution along the supply chain will have significantenvironmentally beneficial influence. Knowledge flows arise from having knowledge of environmental policies,technology, practices, and programs that can be shared across the supply chain. Not onlyare operations effected by knowledge, but supply chain innovation is also influenced. variety builds on and requires knowledge, kno wledge generation, and knowledgeexchange.Innovation from knowledge flows are especially pertinent to smallerorganizations within the supply chains who typically lack the knowledge resourcesrelated to environmental actions for their operations. Environmentally orientedorganizational and inter-organizational learnedness is also dependent on effective knowledgeflows through training and continuous improvement programs and supply chain Collaboration, Information is not only critical for internal supply chain management operations,but can be a very effective regulatory tool which may cause organizations to reevaluatetheir supply chain processes. That is, environmental information flows may be usedto provide certain overt images of the supply chain and its members.Having thisinformation made public can cause significant pressures from external stakeholders onthe general supply chain to improve environmental and fond carrying out . Recentresearch has shown that within the supply chain , information will have varying impactsand will be used in different ways by supply chain members. Overall, these differences inapplication and sharing of information and management of environmental informationflows is based on a variety of factors including expect costs or expectedrevenues/benefits related to environmental improvements, recognition of externalstakeholder demand, perception of supplier relationship (from the perspective of thesupply chain manager) and top-management environmental commitment . Waste FlowsWe could consider waste flows as an element of all the previous flows which doesnot inevitably have social (environmental) or economic benefit, non-value adding, to theunit under consideration. These waste flows cause greater costs to sink and may requireseparate programs to minimize them. For example, lean and green typically focus onminimizing waste and inefficiency within supply chains. thence the management ofthis flow will also be critical, and may be separa ted within a supply chain. From abroader informational and industrial symbiosis perspective, waste exchanges betweenorganizations can alter the waste flows into useful material flows and have been appliedto disparate materials and flows such as water, construction material ,plastics,electronic products and energy .These waste exchange earningssand flows not only can span inter and intra-organizational boundaries, but also acrossinformational boundaries as the waste exchanges become more for sale through Information and e-commerce systems. The other aspect of waste flows is that of end-of-lifemanagement or products andthe type of disposal that should be completed. There are issues with landfilling,incineration and returning materials back into the supply chain. Within the landfilling andincineration debate, the type of material may determine which is more economically andenvironmentally feasible. Rather than disposal of these wastes, recycling andreverse logistics network flows can be designed to manage these streams.Thus, as withany systems decisions, many variables will come into play forwards a clear-cut solution isavailable and decisions on managing these waste flows will range from exclusiveconsumer level to broad political policies. The concepts pertaining to greening the supply chain or supply chain environmental management (SCEM) are normally understood by industry as masking piece suppliers for their environmental mathematical operation and then doing business with only those that meet the regulatory standards the driving forces for implementing the concept into the company operations are many and comprise a range of reactive regulatory reason to proactive strategic and competitive advantage reasons.These concepts include working(a) collaboratively with suppliers on green product design, holding cognisance seminars, helping suppliers establish their own environmental program and soon. Thus there has to be a assured need to integrate environm ental concerns into the economic concerns of the strategy, in differentiate to help contribute to the sustainability of the companys future. Concern for the environmental death penalty of suppliers has now become the characteristic of responsible business practices. For instance, ford move company has demanded that all of its suppliers with manufacturing facilities, comprising about 5000 companies worldwide, must vex a third-party certification of environmental management system(EMS) for at least one of their plants by the end of 2001, and for all plants by 2003.o help the suppliers establish their own environmental management system, ford offers awareness seminars and training for its suppliers ,for them to be like any world class organization and attain their goal of environmental excellence . in the same manner, nestle Philippines also conducts seminars and provides technical service to its suppliers and contractors to help them implement and environmental management system that is reconciled of Nestls environmental management system (NEMS). nestle hopes this initiative will help its suppliershave a fully functioning and effective EMS complies with regulations, judicious use of raw materials, the conservation of water and energy, and the minimization of the waste.This initiative of urging suppliers and contractors to meet certain standards of environmental performance is among the 16 principles of environmental management listed in the business charter for sustainable development, adopted by the international chamber of commerce in November in 1990,it emphasizes the need for contractors and suppliers to ensure that their environmental practices are consistent with those of the enterprise and encourages wider adoption of these principles Supplier chain environmental management is being adopted by industry, though not in a very unvarnished way, in different parts of the world. The extent and mode of implementation vary significantly. In some instances the implementation takes the form of questionnaires identifying what suppliers are doing, often in equipment casualty of quality programmers such as ISO-9001.More and more of these questionnaires are now adays supplemented by specific environmental questions. In other instances the suppliers are assessed at their own sites all by personnel from the customer company or by a third party or consultant, supported by a examination of company records, documents and by interviews with company personals. gain, in certain other case the large companies are even going for partnering and mentoring with their suppliers mentoring involving the development of a close relationship between them, say providing guidance to set-up an environmental management system(EMS) or a waste minimization program partnering involving and combine approach to their relationship to improve operational efficiency of each. Measuring the performance of supply chains In supply chains with multiple vendors, manufactur ers, distributors and retailers, whether regionally or globally dispersed, performance measurement is challenging because it is difficult to attribute performance results to one particular entity within the chain. There are difficulties in standard performance within organizations and even more difficulties arise in inter-organizational environmental performance measurement.The reasons for lack of systems to measure performance across organizations are multidimensional, including non-standardized data, poor technological integration, geographic and cultural differences, differences in organizational policy, lack of agreed upon metrics, or poor understanding of the need for inter-organizational supply chain performance measurement. Performance measurement in supply chains is difficult for additional reasons, especially when looking at numerous tiers within a supply chain, and green supply chain management performance measurement, or GSCM/PM, is virtually non-existent. With these bar riers and difficulties in mind, GSCM/PM is needed for a number of reasons (including regulatory, marketing and conflict reasons). Overcoming these barriers is not a trivial issue, but the semipermanent sustainability (environmental and otherwise) and competitiveness of organizations may rely on successful adoption.The basic purposes of GSCM/PM are external inform (economic rent), internal control (managing the business better) and internal analysis (understanding the business better and continuous improvement). These are the positive issues that drive the development of frameworks for business performance measurement. It is important to consider both purpose, as well as the interrelationships of these various measurements of GSCM/PM. Corporate performance measurement and its application continue to grow and encompass both three-figure and qualitative measurements and approaches. The variety and level of performance measures depends greatly on the goal of the organization or the individual strategic business units characteristics.For example, when measuring performance, companies must consider existing financial measures such as return on investment, profitability, market share and revenue growth at a more competitive and strategic level. Other measures such as customer service and inventory performance (supply, turnover) are more operationally focused, but may necessarily be linked to strategic level measures and issues. end As supply chains are becoming increasingly globalized and multi-company based, the ecological footprint principle deserves a broader application in the supply chain. Footprints are not only nation-based as suggested by Hart (1997) the scope of supply chains is far broader. This also implies that a focus on reversed logistics, as commonly used in the literature, is no longer adequate.Based on the existing literature, this paper presents a categorization of green approaches and suggests the value-seeking approach as the most relevant i n greening the supply chain as a whole (instead of logistics, and regulatory compliance alone). In order to develop greening approaches as a competitive initiative, various elements have been suggested, including sets of actions for various players along the chain, as well as, measures of success. Much research still has to be done to support the evolution in business practice towards greening along the entire supply chain. Hopefully, this paper has identified some of the steps to take, while minding our footprint.